Synchronus generator automatic voltage regulator using fuzzy logic
Power systems are dynamic systems that are constantly subjected to some sort of disturbances. Day by day with the increase of electrical products, the chances of disturbances are also increased. We use the synchronous generators as the source of power. Due to the continuous change in the load condit
2025-06-28 16:36:14 - Adil Khan
Synchronus generator automatic voltage regulator using fuzzy logic
Project Area of Specialization RoboticsProject SummaryPower systems are dynamic systems that are constantly subjected to some sort of disturbances. Day by day with the increase of electrical products, the chances of disturbances are also increased. We use the synchronous generators as the source of power. Due to the continuous change in the load conditions the terminal voltage of the generator gets changed. As the terminal voltage of the generator changes there will be a potential difference between the bus bar and the generator terminal, which results in the circulation of circulating currents in this machine. Although the synchronous generator or alternator is equipped with an automatic voltage regulator (AVR), which is responsible for keeping the output voltage constant under normal operating conditions at various load levels. The control algorithms are generally implemented using analog components. The availability of inexpensive microprocessors has prompted a great deal of attention toward digital excitation controls. Now a day’s fuzzy logic has been coming into picture as it is making the power system operated very easily, in a much revised manner. . The application of fuzzy logic control techniques appear to be very useful whenever a well-defined control objective cannot be specified or the system to be controlled is a very complex one. They are being accepted by engineers and scientists alike as a viable alternative for classical controllers. Our aim of is to maintain constant voltage amplitude on the load terminals by controlling the exciter excitation current using fuzzy logic implemented on FPGA. The FPGA is Field Programmable Gate Array. It is a type of device that is widely used in electronic circuits. FPGAs are semiconductor devices which contain programmable logic blocks and interconnection circuits. It can be programmed or reprogrammed to the required functionality after manufacturing.
Project ObjectivesThe objectives are following,
• Implement a controller hardware which can achieve stability of the non-linear excitations of synchronous generators.
• Test the results of Fuzzy Logic Controller on simulations and then implement it on the hardware. For achieving this we have following tasks:
• Study and Implement Analog to Digital Convertor for input of FPGA controller.
• Study and grasp the concepts of the Fuzzy logic.
• Learn the VHDL (Very-High-Speed-Integrated-Circuits Hardware Description Language) to implement the Fuzzy Logic on FPGA.
• Study and implementation of Digital to Analog Convertor to take output from the FPGA and give it to the AVR hardware.
• Deliver the implementation of the Fuzzy Logic Controller for single phase Synchronous generator with Resistive Loads then after that we would implement it for the non-linear loads.
Project Implementation MethodThe excitation systems used for synchronous generator at present have become complex, variable and non-linear. To cater the non-linearity in power systems, the model of the excitation system should also be non-linear in nature, fuzzy controller made approach towards designing a non-linear excitation system for synchronous system easier.
The project will sense the terminal voltage of the generator, compare it with reference value and generate an error and rate of change of error. The processing will be done on FPGA and a value will be generated as an analog value corresponding to which the excitation will increase. The terminal voltage changes as the load is increased or decreased, means the excitation will increase and decrease as well. The project will be designed to work on a single phase of the synchronous generator and exciter of the generator will be replaced by the firing circuitry.
Benefits of the Project- The synchronous generator represents the major electric power systems. It is being used to supply electric power and to adjust the voltage and for handling active and reactive power. Synchronous generators are responsible for bulk of the electrical power generated in the world today. Power system stability may be defined as that a characteristic of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance.
There are many ways to control the stability of synchronous generator depending upon the type of machine, its operating conditions and applications. Automatic Voltage Regulator is used to control the excitation of synchronous generator. There are wide variety of AVR’s available for instance, AVR implemented on methods like Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral derivative (PID), Digital techniques and intelligent techniques.
Intelligent controllers are based on artificial intelligence technique (AI). It is an attempt to replace human intelligence with machine intelligence. An intelligence control system combines with those of control engineering to design autonomous system that can sense, reason, and plan, learn and act in an intelligent manner that offers an alternative to classic controllers, which is good at identifying and controlling nonlinear system. Artificial Intelligence can be classified into Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Networks and genetic Algorithms. They are appropriate for multivariable applications, where they can easily identify the interactions between the system’s inputs and outputs such a system should be able to achieve sustainability of desired behavior under conditions of uncertainty.
- Increase and decrease in the excitation with respect to the error and rate of error generated by a voltage sensed.
- Testing of a hardware on a synchronous generator.
- Coding for overvoltage and under voltage conditions.
| Item Name | Type | No. of Units | Per Unit Cost (in Rs) | Total (in Rs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total in (Rs) | 33000 | |||
| 5. Voltage sensing device | Equipment | 1 | 3000 | 3000 |
| PCB’s and Misc. Electronic Components | Equipment | 1 | 5000 | 5000 |
| Protection circuit for FPGA | Equipment | 1 | 2000 | 2000 |
| components | Miscellaneous | 1 | 5000 | 5000 |
| FPGA | Equipment | 1 | 18000 | 18000 |