Ground penetrating radar, mass, and synthetic Doppler function.
There has been much progress in various wireless systems and networks since 19th century. The radio signals are propagating all around us. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) system is one example of wireless system which is developed since 1935 when Sir Robert Watson-Watt reported the first pr
2025-06-28 16:27:30 - Adil Khan
Ground penetrating radar, mass, and synthetic Doppler function.
Project Area of Specialization Electrical/Electronic EngineeringProject SummaryThere has been much progress in various wireless systems and networks since 19th century. The radio signals are propagating all around us. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) system is one example of wireless system which is developed since 1935 when Sir Robert Watson-Watt reported the first practical radar system. Radar systems are used for surveillance, human tracking, remote sensing, positioning and location-based applications . The radar is an extension of the human sensing technology that offers new potentials. It detects and tracks the target that are at far distances that cannot be identified by naked eye. It can work irrespective of having mist, smoke and clouds. Among the popular microwave radars FMCW radar is vital and is used in diverse applications . Based on different types of waveforms, radar systems can be classified into continuous wave (CW) radar and pulsed radar. Pulsed radar often suffers from blind spot in front of radar of 50m or more leading to poorer resolution.Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a high-resolution technology that uses electromagnetic (EM) waves in the frequency range of 2-2.4GHz to image shallow soil and ground structures.
Project ObjectivesThe objectives of the ground penetrating radar are following:
Objective #1: To design an antenna for transmitting and receiving purpose.
Objective # 2: To design an oscillator that can provide 1-1.5GHz frequency.
Objective # 3: To use an algorithm for signal processing using MATLAB.
Project Implementation MethodTo design a GPR we are using modulated frequency and continuous wave radar to find wetness underground and its range by using permittivity of material to EM waves. An FMCW radar transmits a signal called chirp. Chirp is a sinusoid wave whose frequency increases linearly.
The chirp is generated from modulator then it goes to attenuator then amplified and splits between transmitting antenna and mixer. Now the mixer have two properties .
1) instantaneous frequency equal to the difference of the instantaneous frequencies of the two input sinusoids.
2 ) Phase equal to the differences of the phase of the two input sinusoids.
Benefits of the Project- GPR is a non-invasive and cost-effective method of surveying. Before workers ever break ground or begin excavating, it delivers crucial information.
- GPR is suitable for usage in public settings as well as a wide range of project locations.
- It can detect metal and non-metal items, as well as cavities and irregularities in the ground.
- It allows for the measurement of target dimensions, depth, and thickness.
- Data is delivered fast and can be used to cover a broad region of a place.
- To collect data, only one side of the surface needs to be scanned.
- Frequencies can be adjusted to achieve different levels of resolution and penetration depth.
- The information gathered during the survey can be viewed right away or used in future projects.
- There is no need to dig, excavate, or disrupt the ground.
- Landscaping, structures, and lawns are all examples of landscaping.
ground penetrating radar ,mass and synthetic doppler function project divided into hardware and software.
We use an oscillator for frequency generation which provide 1-1.4 GHZ frequency given to a modulator which modulate the signal and we provide that modulated signal to broad band amplifier which is input to an antenna 'the antenna is designed from a coffee can which will work as directional antenna use to transmit the signal and we also designed a antenna for receiver using coffee can.the transmitted signal will be received at receiver side of an antenna after that low noise amplifier is used.the above system and mechanism is based on hardware now this signal will be interface with a signal processing algorithm using matlab and the fast fourier transform is applied to that signal which show the signal properties this process is based on software .
Final Deliverable of the Project HW/SW integrated systemCore Industry TelecommunicationOther IndustriesCore Technology OthersOther TechnologiesSustainable Development Goals Climate ActionRequired Resources| Item Name | Type | No. of Units | Per Unit Cost (in Rs) | Total (in Rs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total in (Rs) | 65010 | |||
| OSC1 1ZX95-25 | Equipment | 1 | 7925 | 7925 |
| ATT1 1VAT-3+ | Equipment | 1 | 1855 | 1855 |
| /LNA1 2ZX60-272LN-S+ | Equipment | 2 | 7000 | 14000 |
| SPLTR1 1ZX10-2-42+ | Equipment | 1 | 6340 | 6340 |
| MXR1 1ZX05-43MH-S+ | Equipment | 1 | 8000 | 8000 |
| SMA M-M Barrels 4SM-SM50+ | Equipment | 4 | 1000 | 4000 |
| L bracket 2NA | Equipment | 2 | 65 | 130 |
| SMA F bulkhead 2901-9889-RFX | Equipment | 2 | 700 | 1400 |
| 6-32 screws 1NA | Equipment | 1 | 600 | 600 |
| 6-32 nuts 1NA | Equipment | 1 | 100 | 100 |
| 6-32 lockwashers 1NA | Equipment | 1 | 60 | 60 |
| visit traveling, thesis printing | Miscellaneous | 2 | 5000 | 10000 |
| Wood Screws 1NA | Equipment | 1 | 650 | 650 |
| measuring tape 1NA | Equipment | 1 | 1200 | 1200 |
| Modulator1 1XR-2206 | Equipment | 1 | 750 | 750 |
| Video Amp1 1 MAX414CPD+ | Equipment | 1 | 2500 | 2500 |
| solderless breadboard 1EXP-300E | Equipment | 1 | 1000 | 1000 |
| decoupling cap 2K104Z15Y5VE5TH5 | Equipment | 2 | 300 | 600 |
| trimmer potentiometer 1PV36Y103C01B00 | Equipment | 1 | 200 | 200 |
| AA batteries 8PC1500 | Equipment | 8 | 400 | 3200 |
| 5V regulator 1LM2940CT-5.0/NOPB | Equipment | 1 | 100 | 100 |
| Audio cord 1172-2236 | Equipment | 1 | 300 | 300 |
| tuning capacitor 1FK28Y5V1E474Z 0 | Equipment | 1 | 100 | 100 |